Page last updated: January 2025
This webpage was last updated in January 2025.
Expert content reviewers:
Cancer Council Victoria with assistance from The Paediatric Integrated Cancer Service (PICS), parents and staff from the Oncology units at both The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne & Monash Children's, Monash Health, Melbourne and ONTrac, Peter Mac Victorian Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Service.
Most common childhood cancers
Things that cause adult cancer such as smoking and chemicals aren’t obvious causes of cancer in children. Children’s cancers effect in different parts of the body to adult cancers and occur much less often.
The most common types of cancer in adults are skin, breast, prostate, lung and bowel. In children, cancers of the blood and bone marrow, lymph tissue, brain, nervous system, muscles, kidneys, and bone are most common.
Cancer in children tends to respond better to treatment than cancer in adults and overall, cure rates in children are much higher than in adults.
For more information, see the Paediatric Integrated Cancer Service digital resources. See below for an overview of some of the most common cancers affecting children.
Finding support services
Cancer Council 13 11 20 can provide information and support, and can point you in the right direction for more specialised assistance.
You can also find the support services that are right for you with My Cancer Guide, which includes services for children with cancer and support for children and families affected by cancer.
Visit My Cancer Guide
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
What is it?
Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood that starts in the bone marrow and spreads into the bloodstream.
What types are there?
There are three types of childhood leukaemia:
- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML which is extremely rare)
More information
Lymphoma
What is it?
Lymphomas begin in cells called lymphocytes. They most often affect the small glands in the body known as lymph nodes and other lymph tissues.
What types are there?
There are two main types of childhood lymphomas:
- Hodgkin lymphomas (sometimes called Hodgkin’s disease)
- Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
More information
Brain & Central Nervous (CNS) System Tumours
What is it?
A brain or spinal cord tumour starts when abnormal cells grow and form a mass or lump. The tumour may be benign or malignant, but both types can be serious and may need urgent treatment.
What types are there?
There are two main types of childhood brain and central nervous system tumours:
- Gliomas (Astrocytomas and ependymomas)
- Medulloblastoma
Brain tumours can be either primary (the tumour starts to grow in the brain) or secondary (more commonly called brain or cerebral metastases), which happen when cancer cells from other parts of the body spread to the brain.
More information
Bone cancers (including Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma)
What is it?
Primary bone cancer is cancer that starts on the surface, in the outer layer or from the centre of the bone. As the tumour grows, cancer cells multiply and destroy the bone. If left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body.
What types are there?
The two most common types of bone cancer seen in children are:
- Osteosarcoma
- Ewing sarcoma
More information
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What is it?
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma which develops in the muscle or fibrous tissue anywhere in the body.
More information
Call 13 11 20 for more information and support or read the information on the following international cancer patient websites:
Neuroblastoma
What is it?
Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from nerve tissue that is normally present around the chest, abdomen and adrenal glands, found above the kidneys.
More information
Retinoblastoma (eye cancer)
What is it?
Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer in children. It is a tumour that affects the retina (the light-sensitive lining of the eye).
What types are there?
They are two forms of retinoblastoma:
- heritable form
- non-heritable form (unilateral)
More information
Wilm’s tumour
What is it?
Wilms tumours are sometimes called nephroblastomas. They are a type of kidney cancer.
More information
Germ cell cancers
What is it?
Germ cell tumours develop from the cells that produce eggs and sperm.
More information